THE THEORY OF SELF-DETERMINATION
RYAN AND DECI
which has as its points of reference human motivation and the development of
→theory
personality three human, innate and fundamental needs at the basis of motivation
→identify
Human
1. The need for competence: sense of efficacy that an individual possesses
relationship to itself and to the environmental context
2. need for autonomy: regarding the sense of choice
3. need for relatedness: feeling of connection with others
that competence and autonomy must be developed fin
→they argue
from childhood
Intrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation is self-generated and moves from interests, goals and values
→La
they belong to the very identity of the person
energy and direction towards key goals and projects
→Represent
for the fulfillment of the person
self-determination theory delves into the conditions that develop the
→la
intrinsic motivation
underlying successes in various areas of life
→it is the fundamental energy for proactiveness and self-determination and for
→constitutes
this reason can be hypothesized to have significant impacts on the well-being experienced
by the people
Extinguishing motivation
extrinsic motivation is heterogeneous and instrumental to the achievement of
→la
objectives proposed by the social context or obtaining social rewards and recognition
CHAPTER 4 THE SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF WELL-BEING
INDIVIDUAL-SOCIETY RELATIONSHIP AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS
The social component of well-being is a subject of debate
1st perspective: social well-being must be defined as one of the specific aspects
of the individual’s functioning in relation to the social context?
2nd perspective: it is possible to talk about social well-being as a quality possessed
from social systems?
SOCIAL HEALTH
McDowell: Dimension of the individual’s well-being that refers to how he
he relates to others, to how others in turn react towards him and to
how he interacts with institutions
Social health consists of two factors: social adaptation and support
→la
social
-social adaptation and the level of satisfaction felt with one’s relationships
social roles and success achieved in social roles
-social support refers to the presence and availability of people you care about
can trust; fundamental resource in case of critical and stressful events; presents two
dimensions (the social network and the quality of social relationships)
well-being that comes from the quality of our social ties and the resulting between
→The
the type of need and the type of support available
People who are more satisfied with their lives have more support networks
→le
extended, more frequent and reliable contacts
of the positive effects of social support would be linked to the sense of stability
→one
and regularity perceived thanks to social interactions
THE SENSE OF COMMUNITY
community to which one belongs is the set of places where people live on a daily basis
→La
people live, characterized by a high frequency of contact
there is only one definition
→did not formulate two definitions
→Gusfield:
-territorial and geographical notion of community-neighborhood
-relational meaning which concerns the quality of interpersonal relationships
and Chavis, 4 components of the sense of community
→McMillan
-sense of belonging: becoming members of a specific community; The
Consolidation leads to the circulation of information and the implementation of
mutual aid support behaviors; creation of myths and rites, celebrations and anniversaries
-influence: concerns both the individual and the group; pressure to conform to
norms
-integration and satisfaction of needs: idea that needs, goals and beliefs
municipalities provide the integrative strength for a cohesive and capable community
satisfy both individual and collective needs
-shared emotional connection: bonds built over time through
positive interactions with other community members; It’s based on a story
shared
communities function as systems within which a sense of is generated
→le
community self-efficacy, i.e. the belief that one can achieve a single goal
getting together
community and sociodemographic factors
→sense
the sense of community tends to increase with age, becoming maximum in
Older people; it is higher in small towns than in large cities.
Gender identity also affects the sense of community: men present a
higher sense of community than women
psychological and social issues linked to the sense of community
→factors
the sense of community appears associated with both civic participation and
social well-being;
being part of formal groups is linked to a high sense of community;
the sense of community is linked to life satisfaction and is protective towards
of loneliness;
even working environments can be considered communities;
online community
→le
mutual support is one of the fundamental dimensions
similarities with real communities
SOCIAL WELL-BEING
THE SUBCOMPONENTS
How much does the individual relate to the social context? How much does he participate and
contributes to the society in which he lives?
o Social integration: relationships in the community to which one belongs (neighborhood, neighbourhood);
o Social acceptance: evaluation of «others» as trustworthy, kind, natural
positive aspect of the human being, acceptance of others in their positive and negative qualities;
o Social Contribution: belief of being an active member of society with something
important to offer. Conviction of being able to actively intervene for the
change in society.
o Social actualization: evaluation of the structure that the future society will achieve e
on whether social changes can bring benefits to citizens. Trust in
favorable development of society.
o Social coherence: desire to know society and its functioning (culture,
norms, values) and evaluation of the comprehensibility, coherence and predictability of the
society.
SOCIAL WELL-BEING AS A LIFE DEVELOPMENT GOAL
high in men
→More and social integration grow from youth to old age
→acceptance
The presence of important emotional ties affects social well-being
→la
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SOCIAL WELL-BEING
social factors
→The resources and individual skills to be able to create constructive relationships with the
→le
society (especially in young people)
cultural level influences coherence
→the
Zimbardo, 5 temporal dimensions: the positive past, the negative past, the present
hedonistic, the fatalistic present and the future.
Global social well-being is the average level outcome while the negative past and the
fatalistic present appear to compromise social well-being; the present
hedonistic arises as time that exercises a function of promotion of
well being
THE FLOURISHING CONDITION
The flourishing condition is characterized by four components: goodness,
generativity, personal growth and resilience
increases intuition and creativity
→It also affects human physiological functioning
→influence
Keyes
definition of positive mental health is 13 good symptoms or symptoms of the
→la
well-being grouped into hedonia and positive functioning
to be defined as flourishing people it is necessary to have high scores
→per
elevated in at least 5 of them
those who are in a high condition experience and have fewer pathologies
cardiovascular and osteoarticular
CHAPTER 5 CULTURES AND WELL-BEING
DEFINE CULTURE
there is a single universally accepted definition, so we looked for it
→Not
general dimensions within which to place the different cultures in order to describe them
the salient features
BY HOFSTEDE: 5 dimensions to describe and classify cultures
→MODEL
1. Individualism/collectivism
in individualistic societies individuals are independent of each other; the emphasis is
personal mail and self-realization; these societies are group-based
narrow primaries
in collectivist societies the group forces the individual to conform to norms and
roles; strong communitarianism and the person is seen as a component of something more
large social group; the group represents the central unit of life and identity
individual
2. Power distance: power among citizens is distributed unequally;
everyone has their own role in the social hierarchy; relationships are of type
asymmetrical
3. uncertainty avoidance: defines how threatened people feel
from uncertainty and ambiguity. In high avoidance cultures
of uncertainty there is a need for roles to be clear and formal to increase the
control beliefs over reality
4. masculinity/femininity: dominant and socially accepted values by one
culture
masculine societies are characterized by the adoption of values such as
success and achievement of social positions, female societies have
care for others as key values
5. orientation towards a long-term/short-term future vision: concerns i
time values expressed by a company (long-term investment
encourages planning, short-term investing encourages compliance
of traditions and stability)
CULTURE, HAPPINESS AND EUDAIMONIC WELL-BEING
“Cultural construction of happiness”: variations in well-being and satisfaction with
life due to the culture of belonging; individuals seek happiness based on
culture of belonging
CULTURE AND WELL-BEING AS SELF-DETERMINATION
of culture on well-being has been explored in depth within the theory
→the flu
of Ryan and Deci’s self-determination: gl